{"id":2877,"date":"2021-08-19T07:21:53","date_gmt":"2021-08-19T07:21:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ayurvedanetworkbhu.com\/?p=2877"},"modified":"2021-12-10T11:40:27","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T11:40:27","slug":"lecture-on-classification-of-ahara-dravya-in-brihat-trayee-by-dr-binay-sen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ayurvedanetworkbhu.com\/?p=2877","title":{"rendered":"Module on \u201cClassification of Ahara Dravya in Brihat-Trayee\u201d By &#8211; Dr. Binay Sen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HEIRhpzBZoo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u201cCLASSIFICATION OF \u0100H\u0100RA DRAVYA IN BRIHAT-TRAYEE\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dr. Binay Sen<\/strong>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTENT<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n<li>Dravya in Ayurveda<\/li>\n<li>Necessity of classification<\/li>\n<li>Classification of Dravya<\/li>\n<li>Classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya<\/li>\n<li>Sub-classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya<\/li>\n<li>Scope of future expansion<\/li>\n<li>Discussion &amp; Conclusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In vedic period, the classification of dravya (substances used as diet and medicine) is not prominently found. In Samhit\u0101 period, many references are found in this regard. Morphological and pharmacological (on the basis of properties and action) classification are clearly mentioned in brihat-trayee (Charaka Samhit\u0101, Sushruta Samhit\u0101 &amp; Asht\u0101nga Hridaya\/ Asht\u0101nga Samgraha). It is observed that, in brihat-trayee, dravya in general, and of aushadha (medicine) and \u0101h\u0101ra\/ anna (diet\/food) in specific sense are classified in different context. Thus, it could be suggested that the classification of dravya is applicable for both the aushadha and \u0101h\u0101ra dravya or inter se. It is justified with the fact that in Bheshaja chatushka (Charaka Samhit\u0101, Sutrasth\u0101na, chapter 1-4), Charaka classified dravya in general, whereas in Annap\u0101na chatushka (Charaka Samhit\u0101, Sutrasth\u0101na, chapter 25-28), the dietetic substances are described, included lavana, ksh\u0101ra, taila etc in \u0101harayogi varga, which are also used as medicine. Thus, it is important to know about the dravya in brief to understand the different aspects of classification in the present context.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Definition of Dravya-<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dravya is derived from the verb \u2018dru-gatau\u2019, means movement or attainment in this context.<\/li>\n<li>When applied in forms of medicine, it causes kshaya-decrease\/vriddhi-increase of doshas or attainment of health (sth\u0101na\/s\u0101mya-homoeostasis) when used as diet.<\/li>\n<li>The form of dravya is anna (diets) &amp; aushadha (medicine). A substance could either be used as diet or medicine, or sometimes both. For an example, \u2018m\u0101sha\u2019 is being used as pulse in dietetics but when it is processed with oil (mah\u0101m\u0101sha taila), it becomes a medicine.<\/li>\n<li>It is the substratum of properties and action, inherent cause of its action. Adravya is also considered within dravya as their properties and actions are well explained in p\u0101nchabhautika sharira.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Definition of<\/strong> <strong>\u0100h\u0101ra-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That is taken to provide nourishment is called \u0101h\u0101ra. It is also known as anna<\/p>\n<p>(CS.Su.25\/40)<\/p>\n<p>Food is the best among life sustaining factors!<\/p>\n<p><strong>DRAVYA IN AYURVEDA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It would not be an exaggeration of fact that dravya pervades into all branches of Ayurveda, being one of the chikits\u0101-p\u0101da (limb of treatment), is also considered one among the Trisutra (hetu,linga &amp; aushadha) Ayurveda. Thus, considering the universal application, Charaka has coined the definition of Ayurveda on dravya itself, that which deals with the dravya (life promoting and\/or otherwise) along with their properties and actions is called as Ayurveda.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NECESSITY OF CLASSIFICATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Innumerable substances in the universe thus need to arrange in group.<\/li>\n<li>To study the morphological characters, properties and actions.<\/li>\n<li>Systematic distribution for easy understanding and scientific study.<\/li>\n<li>For easy referencing and cataloguing.<\/li>\n<li>To avoid repetition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF DRAVYA (GENERAL CLASSIFICATION):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Basic classification<\/strong>&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>In \u2018Bheshaja Chatushka\u2019 and \u2018Annapana Chatushka\u2019, many basic classification of dravya is found.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>According to causality: K\u0101rana\/causal (9 basic substances) &amp; K\u0101rya dravya\/ effectual substances (innumerable) (Ck, CS.Su.1\/48).<\/li>\n<li>According to consciousness: Chetana (animate) &amp; Achetana (inanimate) dravya (CS.Su.1\/48).<\/li>\n<li>According to Bhautika composition: P\u0101rthiva, \u0100pya, \u0100gneya, V\u0101yavya &amp; \u0100kash\u0101tmaka (CS.Su.26\/11).<\/li>\n<li>According to Source (03): Audbhida\/ Sth\u0101vara (pants origin), J\u0101ngama (animal) &amp; Bhauma\/P\u0101rthiva (metals &amp; minerals) (CS.Su.1\/68-71; SS.Su.1\/28-32)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to Rasa Vikalpa (permutation &amp; combination): 63 (CS.Su.26\/14)<\/li>\n<li>According to use: Aushadha &amp; \u0100h\u0101ra (Ck, CS.Su.2\/17, Su. 25\/36-39)<\/li>\n<li>Acc to context (Adhikarana): \u0100yushya &amp; An\u0101yushya (CS.Su.30\/23)<\/li>\n<li>Acc to Yoga (Rational Administration): Visha &amp; Bheshaja (CS.Su.1\/126)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pharmacological classification-<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to Effect :\n<ul>\n<li>Dosha-prashamana\/Shamana (pacifying): It is again subclassified as Vata-prashamana, Pitta-prashamana &amp; Kapha-prashamana (CS.Su.1\/67, SS.Su.39\/7,8,9). Eg. \u0100malaki, Haritaki.<\/li>\n<li>Dh\u0101tu-pradushana\/Kopana (Aggravating): subclassified into Vata-kopana, Pitta- kopana &amp; Kapha- kopana (CS.Su.1\/67, SS.Su.21\/19,21,23). Eg. Visha, Yavaka, Mandaka, M\u0101sha, Dadhi.<\/li>\n<li>Svasthavrittau matam\/Swasthahita (Maintaining homeostasis) (CS.Su.1\/67, Ck, CS.Su.1\/67AH.Su.1\/16): Rakta-sh\u0101li (CS.Su.25\/38), Ras\u0101yana (CS.Ci.1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: Svasthavrittakar dravyas maintain the homeostasis by not aggravating or diminishing the dh\u0101tus and exerting wholesome effect on channels carrying Rasa etc. (CK, CS.Su.1\/67, Su.25\/33).eg. Lohita sh\u0101li, Mudga, Ras\u0101yana &amp; V\u0101jikarana dravya.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spiritual Classification-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mana &amp; \u0100tm\u0101 are considered as adhy\u0101tma dravya (CS.Su.8\/13). In this context, adhy\u0101tma guna can be considered as 11 in numbers (05 Mano-artha, 06 Atma guna). Mana and \u0101tm\u0101 are also being included in K\u0101rana dravya.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Classification of Audbhida Dravya (substances of plant origin):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acc to Morphology : 04 types;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Vanaspati: Trees with hypanthodium type of inflorescence; eg. Vata, Plaksha, Udumbara.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0101naspatya\/Vriksha: Trees with manifested florescence; eg. \u0100mra, Jambu.<\/li>\n<li>Virudha\/Prat\u0101na : Gulma (shrubs) and lat\u0101 (climbers\/creepers); eg. Vid\u0101ri, Sh\u0101laparni.<\/li>\n<li>Oshadhi: It could be subdivided into two category on the basis of commentators interpretation, as<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Phalap\u0101k\u0101nt\u0101\/phalanishth\u0101 (dies after fruit ripen, eg. Sh\u0101li, Tila, Mudga).<\/li>\n<li>P\u0101k\u0101nt\u0101\/ p\u0101kanishth\u0101 (dies after completely matured, eg. Durv\u0101, Chhatraka- all herbaceous plants) (CS.Su.1\/71-72, SS.Su.1\/29; Ck.CS.Su.1\/68-73, Dal. SS.Su.1\/29).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acc to \u0100shraya (useful parts)<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<li>07 types (fruits, leaves, roots, tubers, flowers, exudates &amp; barks) Shiro-virechaniya dravyas (CS.Vi.8\/151).<\/li>\n<li>Root: Sapta Panchamoola (CS.Ci.1-1\/42-44, SS.Su.38\/66-75, AS.Su.12\/33-34, AH.Su.6\/167-71), 16 Moolini dravya (Su.1\/77-80)<\/li>\n<li>Fruit: 19 Phalini dravya (CS.Su.1\/80-83), Triphal\u0101 (SS.Su.38\/56).<\/li>\n<li>Pancha-valkala (CS.Ci.30\/62).<\/li>\n<li>Shadshodhana vriksha (Kshira-3, Twak-3; CS.Su.1\/114-119).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Classification of J<\/strong><strong>\u0101ngama Dravya (animal origin)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Basic classification<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Jar\u0101yuja (viviparous)-human, cow<\/li>\n<li>Andaja (Oviparous)-birds, snakes<\/li>\n<li>Svedaja (emerging from sweat)-worms, insects<\/li>\n<li>Udbhijja (hibernatory)- frog, indragopa (excessively red colored worms-Dalhana) (SS.Su.1\/30)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acc to use<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Ashta-mootra (CS.Su.1\/92, SS.Su.45\/217),<\/li>\n<li>Ksheerashtaka (CS.Su.1\/105-6, SS.Su.45\/47<strong>)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>M\u0101msa-varga (Su.27\/35-87, SS.Su.46\/53)<\/li>\n<li>Madhu (Su.27\/243, SS.Su.45\/132)<\/li>\n<li>Gorasa (Su.27\/217-224): dadhi, takra, ghrita varga (SS.Su.45\/65, 84, 96)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Classification of P<\/strong>\u0101<strong>rthiva Dravya (inorganic substances\/ metals &amp; minerals):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No basic classification is observed<\/li>\n<li>Pancha-loha (Rajata, T\u0101mra, Trapu, Sheesa &amp; Krishnaloha: Ck.CS.Su.1\/70)<\/li>\n<li>Pancha-lavana: (CS.Su.1\/88-89)<\/li>\n<li>Trapy\u0101di gana (SS.Su.38\/62)<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Mixed classification: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This is considered on the basis of plant, animal or inorganic substances appeared in a group.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chaturvidha\/ Mah\u0101na sneha: Taila (plant), ghreeta, vas\u0101 and majj\u0101 (animal) (CS.Su.1\/86-87, AH.Su.16\/4). Similarly, Yamaka &amp; Trivrita sneha (CS.Su.2\/31, AH.Su.16\/4).<\/li>\n<li>Ushak\u0101di gana: except hingu all are inorganic origin (SS.Su.38\/37).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF <\/strong><strong>\u0100H\u0100RA DRAVYA (SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The above classifications are applicable to dravya (both \u0101h\u0101ra and aushadha) in general. Here, those are specific to \u0101hara dravya are mentioned.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Morphological classification-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Charaka has classified \u0101hara-dravya into 12 groups, Sushruta and V\u0101gbhata have classified it into two major categories as dravadravya and annadravya with further sub-classification of each into 10\/5 and 11\/7 sub-group respectively. The name of the group is self explanatory of morphological (shukadh\u0101nya-awn bearing cereals, shamidh\u0101nya-legume\/pods bearing etc) or structural (ambu, taila-liquid, m\u0101msa-solid etc.) dimension. Another aspect of such classification could be explained on the basis of nutritional components (shukadh\u0101nya-carbohydrates, shamidh\u0101nya, mamsa varga-proteins etc).<\/p>\n<p><strong>According to Charaka: <\/strong>12 varga (Su.27\/6-7)<\/p>\n<table width=\"640\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">Sl No<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Varga<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">Sl No<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Varga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Shukadh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Madya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Shamidh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">8<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Ambu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">M\u0101msa<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Gorasa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Sh\u0101ka<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Ikshuvik\u0101ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Phala<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">11<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Krit\u0101nna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">6<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Harita<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">12<\/td>\n<td width=\"240\">Ah\u0101rayogi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>According to Sushruta<\/strong>: 21 Varga (Su.45,46)<\/p>\n<table width=\"643\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Sl No <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"294\"><strong>Dravadravya (10) <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Sl No <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"152\"><strong>Annadravya (13) <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Jala<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Sh\u0101li<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Ksheera<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Kudh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Dadhi<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">M\u0101msa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Takra<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Sh\u0101ka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Ghreeta<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Phala<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">6<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Taila<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">6<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Pushpa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Madhu<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Kanda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">8<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Ikshu<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">8<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Lavana<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Madya<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Krit\u0101nna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Mootra<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Bhakshya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"294\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">11<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Anup\u0101na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>According to V\u0101gbhata<\/strong>: 12 Varga (AH.Su.5\/84, 6\/172)<\/p>\n<table width=\"643\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Sl No <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"294\"><strong>Dravadravya (5) <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Sl No <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"152\"><strong>Annadravya (7) <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Jala<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Shukadh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Ksheera<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Shimbidh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Ikshu<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Krit\u0101nna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Taila<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">M\u0101msa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"294\">Madya<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Sh\u0101ka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"294\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">6<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Phala<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"294\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"152\">Aushadha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF <\/strong><strong>\u0100H\u0100RA DRAVYA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to source: Sth\u0101vara &amp; J\u0101ngama.<\/li>\n<li>Acc to effect: Hita (wholesome) &amp; Ahita (unwholesome).<\/li>\n<li>Acc to way of intake : 4 Types; P\u0101na\/Peeta (drinks), Ashana\/Ashita (eatables), Bhakshya\/Kh\u0101dita (chewables) &amp; Lehya\/Leedha (lickables).<\/li>\n<li>Acc to taste : 6 types; Madhura etc.<\/li>\n<li>Acc to property: 20 types (Guru, laghu etc).<\/li>\n<li>Innumerable: According to abundance in dravyas, their combination &amp; preparations (CS.Su.25\/36, 38-39; SS.Su.46\/3, 1\/28, 20\/5, 8).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some groups are further sub-classified on the basis of origin, habit &amp; habitat (m\u0101msa, madhu), season of harvesting (shukadhanya) etc. Few examples are;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shukadh\u0101nya\/Sh\u0101li: Sh\u0101li, Shashtika &amp; Vreehi varga (indirect reference is available in Charaka &amp; Sushruta Samhita).<\/li>\n<li>Kudh\u0101nya (Inferior\/ coarse grain cereals): Kudh\u0101nya, Mudg\u0101di\/ Vaidala &amp; M\u0101sh\u0101di varga (pulses) (SS.Su.46\/20-52).<\/li>\n<li>M\u0101msa (8-CS.Su.27\/56; 6 &amp;2, J\u0101ngala-8, Anupa-5-SS.Su.46\/53).<\/li>\n<li>Lavana- Ksh\u0101ra (SS.Su.46\/322), Suvarnadi dh\u0101tu (Su.46\/326), Muktadi ratna (Su.46\/329).<\/li>\n<li>Madhu (4-CS.Su.27\/243; 8-SS.Su.46\/133).<\/li>\n<li>Mootra (8-CS.Su.1\/92).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>SCOPE OF FUTURE EXPANSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>CS.Su.25\/36<\/p>\n<p>(Chakrapani, CS.Su.25\/36)<\/p>\n<p>Ah\u0101ra dravya are innumerable owing to abundance in shukadh\u0101nyadi substances, their mutual combinations &amp; processing. Some varga can be sub-grouped on the basis of useful parts, guna (properties) and karma (action) as evident with the indirect reference of such classification in the classics. Therefore each group can be sub-classified in many ways. For illustration;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sh\u0101ka varga:<\/strong> The part used of leafy vegetables. The indirect reference is available in Charaka &amp; Sushruta Samhita along with in commentaries (CS.Su.27\/98-113 &amp; Chakrapani, SS.Su.46\/211 &amp; Dalhana). Eg.<\/li>\n<li>Parta sh\u0101ka (supyashaka, phanji, chilli, v\u0101stuka, dronapushpi)<\/li>\n<li>Pushpa sh\u0101ka (Shana, sh\u0101lmali, karbud\u0101ra, agasta)<\/li>\n<li>Phala sh\u0101ka (kushm\u0101nda, al\u0101bu)<\/li>\n<li>Aluka sh\u0101ka (m\u0101nakanda, \u0101luka, mulaka, grinjana).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Phala varga: <\/strong>Phala: on the basis of guna (properties) &amp; karma (action) (indirect reference is available in Sushruta Samhit\u0101).<\/li>\n<li>Amlarasa-Ushna veerya: Badara, Kola etc (SS.Su.46\/139-40)<\/li>\n<li>Kash\u0101yamadhura-Sheeta veerya: Jambu, phalgu etc (SS.Su.46\/164)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Krit\u0101nna\/ Pakk\u0101nna varga: <\/strong>Dietetic preparation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(Ck, CS.Su.27\/250-256)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0100h\u0101rayogi varga:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Due to variation in food amusement among individual, there are unlimited substances in \u0101h\u0101rayogi, thus which are not mentioned like rasona, pulp of mango can be incorporated (CS.Su.27\/308).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u0101msa varga<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(Ck, CS.Su.27\/50-52)<\/p>\n<p>It is advocated that unmentioned and uncommon species should be known from the experts &amp; the inhabitants of those region. Hence it opens many fold classification of m\u0101msa varga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>CLINICAL APPLICATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"652\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\"><strong>Groups <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"316\"><strong>Nutritional aspects <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Shukadh\u0101nya, Sh\u0101ly\u0101di, Kudh\u0101nya, Ikshu, Madhu<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Carbohydrates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Shami\/Shimbidh\u0101nya<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Proteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">M\u0101msa<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Proteins, essential amino acids\u00a0 &amp; omega-3&amp; 6 fatty acids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Ghreeta, Taila, Gorasa<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Fats, essential amino acids &amp; omega-3&amp; 6 fatty acids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Sh\u0101ka, Phala (including seeds)<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Vitamins, fibres, minerals, omega-3&amp; 6 fatty acids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Jala\/Ambu<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Water &amp; minerals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">Krit\u0101nna<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Stimulant &amp; Digestive preparation used particularly in pathya\/ samsarjana karma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"336\">\u0100h\u0101rayogi<\/td>\n<td width=\"316\">Food preservatives &amp; additives with nutritional and medicinal values.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(CS.Su.28)<\/p>\n<p>(The wise should use wholesome diet after proper examination, because the body and disease are said to be the product of food and the wholesome diet is responsible for healthy life and unwholesome for distress.)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Balanced food: Sarvagraha (total quantity), Parigraha (fractional quantity), Hita, Ayushya &amp; Shadrasa (having all the rasa).<\/li>\n<li>Prakriti wise diet classification.<\/li>\n<li>Ritu wise diet classification.<\/li>\n<li>Desha wise diet classification (6 region specific diets for pregnant women-ICMR-NIN, Hyderabad).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(CS.Vi.8\/93)<\/p>\n<p>(The people mostly have diet habit according to their inhabitant.)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Avasth\u0101-vishesha diet classification (for Garbhini, b\u0101la &amp; vriddha).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>DISCUSSION &amp; CONCLUSION:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Charaka has classified \u0101hara-dravya into 12 groups, Sushruta into 21 &amp; Vagbhata into 12. Classification of ahara dravya is mainly based on application for maintaining health. Morphological classification is mostly observed for \u0101h\u0101ra dravya, eg. shukadh\u0101nya (awn bearing cereals), shamidh\u0101nya (pods\/ legume bearing pulses) etc. Krit\u0101nna &amp; Ah\u0101rayogi are the preparatory classification. The items of Krit\u0101nna varga are innumerable as they are prepared by processing &amp; combination of substances from Shukadh\u0101nya etc (Ck, CS.Su.27\/250-56). Similarly the number of substances used and their classification of Ah\u0101rayogi (food additives and preservatives) are innumerable due to variety of taste, addition, combination, and unlimited processing with substances (Ck, CS.Su.27\/308). In fact, the number of substances among dhanya (cereals), m\u0101msa (meat &amp; fish), phala (fruit), sh\u0101ka (vegetables), kanda (tubers), etc are innumerable; therefore should be described\/ classified on the basis of rasa and other features\/ properties (SS.Su.46\/331 &amp; Dalhana).\u00a0 Mootra, dh\u0101tu and ratna are mostly used as medicine though included in dravadravya and annadravya by Sushrata. Phala, Sh\u0101ka, Harita, Gorasa, Ksh\u0101ra, Lavana are used as both diet &amp; medicine. Ksh\u0101ra varga is unique to Sushruta, but Charaka and V\u0101gbhata referred \u2018Sarva-ksh\u0101ra\u2019 (CS.Su.27\/306; AH.Su.6\/151) without naming much more substances. Ksh\u0101ra is also referred under audbhida dravya (useful part) in Charaka (Su.1\/73-74). Since the classification of dravya has multi facet approach, newer technique may be adopted for further classification of \u0101h\u0101ra dravya in present scenario.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Supplementary Resources <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Charaka Samhit\u0101. Available from: http:\/\/niimh.nic.in\/ebooks\/echarak (Accessed on 03 March 2021).<\/li>\n<li>Sushruta Samhit\u0101. Available from: http:\/\/niimh.nic.in\/ebooks\/esushruta (Accessed on 03 March 2021).<\/li>\n<li>Acharya Y T (editor). <em>Charaka Samhit\u0101<\/em> of <em>Agnivesha<\/em> with <em>\u2018Ayurveda-Dipik\u0101<\/em>\u2019commentary by <em>Chakrapanidatta<\/em>, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2000.<\/li>\n<li>Acharya J T &amp; Acharya N R (editors). <em>Sushruta Samhit\u0101<\/em> of <em>Sushruta<\/em> with <em>\u2018Nibandhasangraha\u2019<\/em> commentary by <em>Dalhana<\/em>, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2003.<\/li>\n<li>Hari Shastri Paradakara, Asht\u0101nga Hridayam of V\u0101gbhata with commentaries \u2018Sarv\u0101ngasundar\u0101\u2019 of Arunadatta &amp; \u2018Ayurvedaras\u0101yana\u2019 of Hem\u0101dri, Reprint Edition 9<sup>th<\/sup>, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005.<\/li>\n<li>Priya Vrat Sharma (editor &amp; translator). Charaka Samhit\u0101 (Text with English Translation), vol.I, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Priya Vrat Sharma (editor &amp; translator). Charaka Samhit\u0101 (Critical Notes), vol. III, 6<sup>th<\/sup> Edition, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi 2001.<\/li>\n<li>Priya Vrat Sharma (editor &amp; translator). Sushruta Samhit\u0101 (with English translation of texts and Dalhana\u2019s commentary along with critical notes), vol. I, 1<sup>st<\/sup> Edition, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi 1999.<\/li>\n<li>Satya Deo Dubey and Anugrah Narain Singh, Basic Concepts of Dravyaguna Vijn\u0101na, 1<sup>st<\/sup> Edition, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi 2014.<\/li>\n<li>V V Prasad (editor), P V Sharma &amp; S R Talmale (author). 2002, Plants and other drugs of Sushruta Samhit\u0101 Saptadhy\u0101yi, Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth Publication, New Delhi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>MCQs <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In Ayurveda, Dravya includes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Substances of plant origin<\/li>\n<li>Substances of animal origin<\/li>\n<li>Substances of inorganic origin<\/li>\n<li>All the above<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Number of adhy\u0101tma dravya is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>2<\/li>\n<li>5<\/li>\n<li>9<\/li>\n<li>11<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Example of Oshadhi is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Vata<\/li>\n<li>Guduchi<\/li>\n<li>Tila<\/li>\n<li>All the above<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Example of Dosha-prashamana dravya<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0100malaki<\/li>\n<li>Maricha<\/li>\n<li>Lavana<\/li>\n<li>Ksh\u0101ra<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Example of Dh\u0101tu-pradushana dravya<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Guduchi<\/li>\n<li>Visha<\/li>\n<li>Haritaki<\/li>\n<li>Pippali<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>Numbers of Shodhana vriksha described by Charaka<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>3<\/li>\n<li>6<\/li>\n<li>9<\/li>\n<li>18<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>Example of Udbhijja dravya is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Udumbara<\/li>\n<li>Indragopa<\/li>\n<li>Loha<\/li>\n<li>Lavana<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>The term \u2018Pancha-loha\u2019 is mentioned by<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Chakrap\u0101ni<\/li>\n<li>Dalhana<\/li>\n<li>Indu<\/li>\n<li>Arunadutta<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>Trapy\u0101di gana of Sushruta includes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Audbhida dravya<\/li>\n<li>J\u0101ngama dravya<\/li>\n<li>P\u0101rthiva dravya<\/li>\n<li>All the above<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>Ushak\u0101di gana of Sushruta comprises inorganic substances including<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Lavana<\/li>\n<li>Hingu<\/li>\n<li>Ksh\u0101ra<\/li>\n<li>None of the above<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>According to Charaka total varga of \u0101h\u0101ra-dravya is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>10<\/li>\n<li>12<\/li>\n<li>13<\/li>\n<li>7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>Aushadha varga is included in annadravya by<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Charaka<\/li>\n<li>Sushruta<\/li>\n<li>V\u0101gbhata<\/li>\n<li>K\u0101shyapa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"13\">\n<li>Ksheera, dadhi, takra and ghreeta varga are mentioned by<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Charaka<\/li>\n<li>Sushruta<\/li>\n<li>V\u0101gbhata<\/li>\n<li>K\u0101shyapa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"14\">\n<li>Ah\u0101rayogi varga is found in<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Charaka Samhit\u0101<\/li>\n<li>Sushruta Samhit\u0101<\/li>\n<li>Both a &amp; b<\/li>\n<li>Asht\u0101nga Hridaya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"15\">\n<li>Krit\u0101nna varga is consisting of dietetic preparation of<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Shukadh\u0101nya etc.<\/li>\n<li>Shamidh\u0101nya etc.<\/li>\n<li>M\u0101msa etc.<\/li>\n<li>Anna etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Keys to MCQ<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Q.No<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"198\"><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"359\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">1.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">D<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">CS.Su.1\/68-71; SS.Su.1\/28-32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">2.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">A<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">CS.Su.8\/13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">3.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">C<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Chakrap\u0101ni, CS.Su.1\/68-73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">4.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">A<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Chakrap\u0101ni, CS.Su.1.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">5.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Chakrap\u0101ni, CS.Su.1.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">6.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">CS.Su.1\/114-119<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">7.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Dalhana, SS.Su.1\/30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">8.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">A<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Chakrap\u0101ni, CS.Su.1\/70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">9.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">C<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">SS.Su.38\/62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">10.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">SS.Su.38\/37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">11.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">CS.Su.27\/6-7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">12.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">C<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">AH.Su.6\/172<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">13.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">B<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">SS.Su.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">14.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">A<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">CS.Su.27\/6-7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\">15.<\/td>\n<td width=\"198\">A<\/td>\n<td width=\"359\">Chakrap\u0101ni, CS.Su.27\/250-256<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeff \u201cCLASSIFICATION OF \u0100H\u0100RA DRAVYA IN BRIHAT-TRAYEE\u201d Dr. Binay Sen, Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU \u00a0 CONTENT Introduction Dravya in Ayurveda Necessity of classification Classification of Dravya Classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya Sub-classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya Scope of future expansion Discussion &amp; Conclusion \u00a0 INTRODUCTION: In vedic period, the classification of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":2879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"video","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[268,43,124,54],"tags":[247,190,185,191,188,183,222,186,240,189,184,251,248,246,249,250,50],"class_list":["post-2877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-video","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dr-binay-sen","category-dravyaguna","category-guest-feature","category-videos","tag-ahara-dravya-in-ayurveda","tag-ayurveda-2021","tag-ayurveda-bhu","tag-ayurveda-controversy","tag-ayurveda-lecture","tag-ayurveda-network","tag-ayurveda-network-bhu","tag-ayurveda-new-drugs","tag-ayurveda-varanasi","tag-ayurveda-video","tag-bhu-2021","tag-bhu-dravyangun-department","tag-brihat-trayee","tag-classification-of-ahara-dravya-in-brihat-trayee","tag-dr-binay-sen","tag-dravyagun","tag-video-lecture","post_format-post-format-video"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\ufeff \u201cCLASSIFICATION OF \u0100H\u0100RA DRAVYA IN BRIHAT-TRAYEE\u201d Dr. Binay Sen, Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU CONTENT Introduction Dravya in Ayurveda Necessity of classification Classification of Dravya Classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya Sub-classification of \u0100h\u0101ra dravya Scope of future expansion Discussion &amp; 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